In a companion work, we apply this technique to search for exotic objects beyond the standard model known as Proca stars which, if real, may account for part of what we know as dark matter. Moreover, as the number of gravitational wave detections quickly increases, we can now reliably compare them to any simulations that supercomputers can deliver. While this may seem a trivial change, this allows us to use numerical simulations as is, making them free from unavoidable integration errors. We flip things around: Rather than taking integrals on our simulations, we propose taking derivatives on the detector data. Here, we present a simple way to avoid these errors, allowing for studies of a wider range of astrophysical phenomena. ![]() While this sounds easy enough, this operation is subject to well-known errors that we have under control for only a handful of systems we simulate. Therefore, obtaining the strain requires us to take two integrals. However, most simulations do not provide us with the strain directly but a related parameter, known as the Newman-Penrose scalar, which tracks the “acceleration” of spacetime. Researchers then deduce the origin of the waves by comparing these measurements to predictions for the strain produced by possible sources, much like the popular Shazam app tells you which song is being played. These detectors measure the subtle stretching and squeezing of spacetime, known as strain.
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